City of Tempelisted match
City water report · 2026

Is Tempe Tap Water Safe? 2026 Water Quality Report

Short answer: Three PFAS, PFHxS, PFOA and PFOS, are above their federal limits (2024 limits that water systems have until at least 2029 to meet); lithium sits above a screening level. Tempe City of serves 165,000 residents.

Listed match

City of Tempe serves Tempe

EPA lists this system for the city. Your water bill or annual water quality report names your actual supplier.

Source
Surface water
Lead service lines
0 lead, 2,465 unknown

Source: EPA SDWIS 2026Q2.

  • City of TempeThis report
    AZ0407100 · 165,000 served

Your water utility

City of Tempe: contact and record

What stands out

Three PFAS above the 2024 federal limit

Each bar is drawn in blocks of its own limit, so the length shows how far above it the result sits.

PFOS

Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid

13.9× the limit

55.8ng/L

Each block = 4.0 ng/L federal MCL (2024)

EPA UCMR 5 · sampled 2023Evidence
PFOA

Perfluorooctanoic acid

9.7× the limit

38.7ng/L

Each block = 4.0 ng/L federal MCL (2024)

EPA UCMR 5 · sampled 2023Evidence
PFHxS

Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid

7× the limit

70.5ng/L

Each block = 10 ng/L federal MCL (2024)

EPA UCMR 5 · sampled 2023Evidence

Coverage by group

31 results on record
  • PFAS (forever chemicals)3 above · 6 detected · 20 not detected
  • Metals & lead1 detected
  • Disinfection by-productsNot monitored
  • Other1 above
Every detected result

11 detected results, by distance from their limit

TEMPE CITY OF (EPA PWSID AZ0407100) delivers surface water to 165,000 residents. This report reflects 29 individual PFAS result(s) from the source UCMR5 observations and the latest Lead & Copper Rule 90th-percentile result. Water hardness and disinfectant type are pending the utility's own annual report.

20 other contaminants tested, none detected
  • 11Cl-PF3OUdS
  • 4:2 FTS
  • 6:2 FTS
  • 8:2 FTS
  • 9Cl-PF3ONS
  • ADONA
  • HFPO-DA (GenX)
  • NEtFOSAA
  • NFDHA
  • NMeFOSAA
  • PFDA
  • PFDoA
  • PFEESA
  • PFHpS
  • PFMBA
  • PFMPA
  • PFNA
  • PFTA
  • PFTrDA
  • PFUnA

Our analysis

Tempe is one of the cities where the 2024 federal PFAS monitoring returned results above the new limits. PFOS was measured at 55.8 ng/L and PFOA at 38.7 ng/L against a 4.0 ng/L federal maximum for each, and PFHxS at 70.5 ng/L, the finding that most weighs on the score. The most recent lead 90th-percentile result was 4.4 µg/L, below the 15 µg/L action level. These are figures for monitored public-system water and reflect the reporting period on record, not necessarily today's treated supply.

A measurement above a maximum contaminant level is a regulatory exceedance recorded in the federal dataset; it is not, on its own, a statement about any individual's health. The utility manages treatment before delivery, and levels change between monitoring rounds.

Check the PFAS levels in Tempe water finding and its source on this page, confirm your supplier on your utility bill, and review filter technologies certified for PFAS reduction if you want to act at the tap.

Track record

2health-based violations in the last 10 years

From EPA SDWIS. Counted once per contaminant per year, as in the Track record score.

Not in this recordDisinfection by-products weren't monitored in this dataset

No result is not a pass. Your utility's annual water quality report may list them, and a certified lab test covers your own tap.

Health-based violations, last 10 years

Every filing is listed; the Track record score counts at most one per contaminant per year.

Filings 2008–2017
  • Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
  • TTHM

Resolved

  1. Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment RuleTT

    to Resolved

    EPA status: ResolvedSDWIS ID 19201

  2. TTHMMCL

    to Resolved

    EPA status: ResolvedSDWIS ID 19127

Test your own tap

Screening tells you if something is worth a closer look; a lab result is the number you can act on.

As an Amazon Associate, PurityMap earns from qualifying purchases. Affiliate disclosure.

  • Screening: quick check, not lab-grade

    Safe Home DIY Lead in Drinking Water Combo Test Kit

    Safe Home (EnviroTestKits)

    Lead, read as one of three ranges: 0–4, 5–15 or 15+ ppb

    • Turnaround: 5 minutes

    What it can't tell you: It shows a lead range, not an exact level, and tests nothing else unless you pay extra for the optional lab test.

  • Lab-certified results

    ETR Labs Basic Water Quality Test Kit

    ETR Laboratories

    50+ substances, including lead, copper, arsenic, nitrate, hardness and coliform bacteria

    What it can't tell you: It does not test PFAS, and not every result on the panel falls under the lab's accredited scope.

Commercial

Certified for a concern found here

Each card names which Tempe findings its current certification covers, and which it doesn't.

As an Amazon Associate, PurityMap earns from qualifying purchases. A product appears here only when a current certification record covers at least one identified concern; every concern stays listed. The retail offer is looked up afterwards and never changes which products appear or their order. Affiliate disclosure.

Under-Sink Filter

Aquasana Claryum 3-Stage Max Flow Under-Sink Filter (AQ-6300M)

  • PFOA: eligible, evidence match
  • PFOS: eligible, evidence match
  • Lead: eligible, evidence match
  • Not established: PFHxS, Lithium, Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) and 5 more
Not suitable for (5)
  • Treating every tap in the home
  • A whole-home hard-water or scale problem
  • All PFAS: its evidence covers only the compounds it names
  • Anyone who can't plumb, drill or hire an installer
  • Renters who can't modify plumbing
Countertop System

Aquasana Clean Water Machine Countertop Filter (AQ-CWM2)

  • PFOA: eligible, evidence match
  • PFOS: eligible, evidence match
  • Lead: eligible, evidence match
  • Not established: PFHxS, Lithium, Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) and 5 more
Not suitable for (3)
  • Treating every tap in the home
  • A whole-home hard-water or scale problem
  • All PFAS: its evidence covers only the compounds it names
See all 9 products certified for a Tempe concern →
Countertop System

AquaTru Classic Countertop Reverse-Osmosis Purifier (AT2000)

  • PFOA: eligible, evidence match
  • PFOS: eligible, evidence match
  • Lead: eligible, evidence match
  • Not established: PFHxS, Lithium, Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) and 5 more
Not suitable for (3)
  • Treating every tap in the home
  • A whole-home hard-water or scale problem
  • All PFAS: its evidence covers only the compounds it names
Under-Sink Filter

Under-Sink Reverse-Osmosis System

  • PFOA: eligible, evidence match
  • PFOS: eligible, evidence match
  • Lead: eligible, evidence match
  • Not established: PFHxS, Lithium, Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) and 5 more
Not suitable for (5)
  • Treating every tap in the home
  • A whole-home hard-water or scale problem
  • All PFAS: its evidence covers only the compounds it names
  • Anyone who can't plumb, drill or hire an installer
  • Renters who can't modify plumbing
Under-Sink Filter

Waterdrop G3P600 Tankless Reverse-Osmosis System

  • PFOA: eligible, evidence match
  • PFOS: eligible, evidence match
  • Lead: eligible, evidence match
  • Not established: PFHxS, Lithium, Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) and 5 more
Not suitable for (5)
  • Treating every tap in the home
  • A whole-home hard-water or scale problem
  • All PFAS: its evidence covers only the compounds it names
  • Anyone who can't plumb, drill or hire an installer
  • Renters who can't modify plumbing
Refrigerator Filter

Whirlpool Filter 3 Refrigerator Water Filter (WHR3RXD1)

  • PFOA: eligible, evidence match
  • PFOS: eligible, evidence match
  • Lead: eligible, evidence match
  • Not established: PFHxS, Lithium, Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) and 5 more
Not suitable for (3)
  • Treating every tap in the home
  • A whole-home hard-water or scale problem
  • All PFAS: its evidence covers only the compounds it names
Water Pitcher

Culligan ZeroWater 10-Cup Pitcher (ZEROP10)

  • Lead: eligible, evidence match
  • Not established: PFHxS, PFOA, PFOS and 7 more
Not suitable for (3)
  • Treating every tap in the home
  • A whole-home hard-water or scale problem
  • All PFAS: its evidence covers only the compounds it names
Faucet Attachment

Faucet-Mount Filter

  • Lead: eligible, evidence match
  • Not established: PFHxS, PFOA, PFOS and 7 more
Not suitable for (3)
  • Treating every tap in the home
  • A whole-home hard-water or scale problem
  • All PFAS: its evidence covers only the compounds it names
Under-Sink Filter

Under-Sink Carbon Block Filter

  • Lead: eligible, evidence match
  • Not established: PFHxS, PFOA, PFOS and 7 more
Not suitable for (4)
  • Treating every tap in the home
  • A whole-home hard-water or scale problem
  • All PFAS: its evidence covers only the compounds it names
  • Anyone who can't plumb, drill or hire an installer
Questions

Frequently asked questions

Is Tempe AZ tap water safe to drink in 2026?

Tempe's 2024 federal PFAS monitoring is a real concern: PFOA (38.7 ng/L) and PFOS (55.8 ng/L) were about 10 and 14 times the 4.0 ng/L federal limit, and PFHxS (70.5 ng/L) was above its 10 ng/L limit. Utilities have until 2029 to comply, so treatment at home is worth considering now. Lead was below its action level. Hardness and disinfectant are pending the utility's own report.

What filter removes PFAS from Tempe water?

PFAS (PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS) are reduced by filters certified to NSF/ANSI 53 or P473 for PFOA/PFOS, and most effectively by reverse osmosis or a whole-house activated-carbon system. Standard carbon pitchers are not sufficient for the levels reported here.

Is there lead in Tempe water?

The 90th-percentile tap sample for 2022–2024 was 4.4 µg/L, below the 15 µg/L action level. There is no safe level of lead, so homes with pre-1986 plumbing may still choose an NSF/ANSI 53 lead-certified filter.

Follow this water

Follow Tempe's water

One email when a new sampling round is published, a result moves above or below its reference, or the system's score changes.

Double opt-in: we email a confirmation link. Unsubscribe anytime. No spam.

Sources and dataAll 31 records and their sourcesEPA UCMR 5 · EPA SDWIS (Lead & Copper Rule)
ContaminantResultBenchmarkSampledSource
Lithium278 µg/L10 µg/L EPA health reference level (screening, not a legal limit)Screening level, not a legal limit2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS)55.8 ng/L4.0 ng/L federal MCL (2024)2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)38.7 ng/L4.0 ng/L federal MCL (2024)2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS)70.5 ng/L10 ng/L federal MCL (2024)2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
Lead (90th percentile)4.4 µg/L15 µg/L federal action level2022–2024 monitoring periodLead & Copper Rule 90th-percentile: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS)25.7 ng/L2,000 ng/L EPA health advisory (screening, not a legal limit)Screening level, not a legal limit2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA)22.5 ng/L400,000 ng/L Michigan EGLE state MCL (strictest US state)2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA)9.9 ng/LNo federal or state limit; shown for transparency2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA)7 ng/LNo federal or state limit; shown for transparency2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
Perfluoropentanesulfonic acid (PFPeS)8 ng/LNo federal or state limit; shown for transparency2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
Perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA)14.4 ng/LNo federal or state limit; shown for transparency2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
20 other PFAS tested — none detected
ContaminantResultBenchmarkSampledSource
11-Chloroeicosafluoro-3-oxaundecane-1-sulfonic acid (11Cl-PF3OUdS)< 5 ng/LNo federal or state limit; shown for transparency2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorodecane sulfonic acid (8:2 FTS)< 5 ng/LNo federal or state limit; shown for transparency2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (4:2 FTS)< 3 ng/LNo federal or state limit; shown for transparency2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (6:2 FTS)< 5 ng/LNo federal or state limit; shown for transparency2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
4,8-Dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoic acid (ADONA)< 3 ng/LNo federal or state limit; shown for transparency2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
9-Chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanone-1-sulfonic acid (9Cl-PF3ONS)< 2 ng/LNo federal or state limit; shown for transparency2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA) (GenX chemicals)< 5 ng/L10 ng/L federal MCL (2024)2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid (NEtFOSAA)< 5 ng/LNo federal or state limit; shown for transparency2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
N-methyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid (NMeFOSAA)< 6 ng/LNo federal or state limit; shown for transparency2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
Nonafluoro-3,6-dioxaheptanoic acid (NFDHA)< 20 ng/LNo federal or state limit; shown for transparency2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
Perfluoro (2-ethoxyethane) sulfonic acid (PFEESA)< 3 ng/LNo federal or state limit; shown for transparency2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
Perfluoro-3-methoxypropanoic acid (PFMPA)< 4 ng/LNo federal or state limit; shown for transparency2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
Perfluoro-4-methoxybutanoic acid (PFMBA)< 3 ng/LNo federal or state limit; shown for transparency2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA)< 3 ng/LNo federal or state limit; shown for transparency2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
Perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA)< 3 ng/LNo federal or state limit; shown for transparency2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
Perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid (PFHpS)< 3 ng/LNo federal or state limit; shown for transparency2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA)< 4 ng/L10 ng/L federal MCL (2024)2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
Perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTA)< 8 ng/LNo federal or state limit; shown for transparency2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
Perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA)< 7 ng/LNo federal or state limit; shown for transparency2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)
Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA)< 2 ng/LNo federal or state limit; shown for transparency2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)

Lithium

Result
278 µg/L
Benchmark
10 µg/L EPA health reference level (screening, not a legal limit)Screening level, not a legal limit
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS)

Result
55.8 ng/L
Benchmark
4.0 ng/L federal MCL (2024)
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)

Result
38.7 ng/L
Benchmark
4.0 ng/L federal MCL (2024)
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS)

Result
70.5 ng/L
Benchmark
10 ng/L federal MCL (2024)
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

Lead (90th percentile)

Result
4.4 µg/L
Benchmark
15 µg/L federal action level
Sampled
2022–2024 monitoring period

Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS)

Result
25.7 ng/L
Benchmark
2,000 ng/L EPA health advisory (screening, not a legal limit)Screening level, not a legal limit
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA)

Result
22.5 ng/L
Benchmark
400,000 ng/L Michigan EGLE state MCL (strictest US state)
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA)

Result
9.9 ng/L
Benchmark
No federal or state limit; shown for transparency
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA)

Result
7 ng/L
Benchmark
No federal or state limit; shown for transparency
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

Perfluoropentanesulfonic acid (PFPeS)

Result
8 ng/L
Benchmark
No federal or state limit; shown for transparency
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

Perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA)

Result
14.4 ng/L
Benchmark
No federal or state limit; shown for transparency
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18
20 other PFAS tested — none detected

11-Chloroeicosafluoro-3-oxaundecane-1-sulfonic acid (11Cl-PF3OUdS)

Result
< 5 ng/L
Benchmark
No federal or state limit; shown for transparency
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorodecane sulfonic acid (8:2 FTS)

Result
< 5 ng/L
Benchmark
No federal or state limit; shown for transparency
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (4:2 FTS)

Result
< 3 ng/L
Benchmark
No federal or state limit; shown for transparency
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (6:2 FTS)

Result
< 5 ng/L
Benchmark
No federal or state limit; shown for transparency
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

4,8-Dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoic acid (ADONA)

Result
< 3 ng/L
Benchmark
No federal or state limit; shown for transparency
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

9-Chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanone-1-sulfonic acid (9Cl-PF3ONS)

Result
< 2 ng/L
Benchmark
No federal or state limit; shown for transparency
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA) (GenX chemicals)

Result
< 5 ng/L
Benchmark
10 ng/L federal MCL (2024)
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid (NEtFOSAA)

Result
< 5 ng/L
Benchmark
No federal or state limit; shown for transparency
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

N-methyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid (NMeFOSAA)

Result
< 6 ng/L
Benchmark
No federal or state limit; shown for transparency
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

Nonafluoro-3,6-dioxaheptanoic acid (NFDHA)

Result
< 20 ng/L
Benchmark
No federal or state limit; shown for transparency
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

Perfluoro (2-ethoxyethane) sulfonic acid (PFEESA)

Result
< 3 ng/L
Benchmark
No federal or state limit; shown for transparency
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

Perfluoro-3-methoxypropanoic acid (PFMPA)

Result
< 4 ng/L
Benchmark
No federal or state limit; shown for transparency
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

Perfluoro-4-methoxybutanoic acid (PFMBA)

Result
< 3 ng/L
Benchmark
No federal or state limit; shown for transparency
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA)

Result
< 3 ng/L
Benchmark
No federal or state limit; shown for transparency
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

Perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA)

Result
< 3 ng/L
Benchmark
No federal or state limit; shown for transparency
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

Perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid (PFHpS)

Result
< 3 ng/L
Benchmark
No federal or state limit; shown for transparency
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA)

Result
< 4 ng/L
Benchmark
10 ng/L federal MCL (2024)
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

Perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTA)

Result
< 8 ng/L
Benchmark
No federal or state limit; shown for transparency
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

Perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA)

Result
< 7 ng/L
Benchmark
No federal or state limit; shown for transparency
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA)

Result
< 2 ng/L
Benchmark
No federal or state limit; shown for transparency
Sampled
2023-07-13 to 2025-03-18

Every value is the published result from the cited public record. A reporting limit is the lowest level the method could reliably quantify; a non-detect is not a guarantee of zero.

  • UCMR5 Analytical Results

    UCMR5 Analytical Results: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)

    US EPA

    Published
    2026-01-15
    Newest sample
    2025-03-18
    Findings here
    30
  • State SDWIS Compliance Record

    Lead & Copper Rule 90th-percentile: TEMPE CITY OF (AZ0407100)

    US EPA SDWIS

    Published
    2026-07-09
    Newest sample
    2024
    Findings here
    1

Methodology: how we analyze water. Prepared with AI assistance and reviewed by the PurityMap Editorial Team before publication.